C2-Outdoor

= ⌘ C2-Outdoor communications = = ⌘Measurements in rural farmland=
 * Typical IR from Farm_1, 1718 Unik/MHz. Total received power was &#8211;84 dBm, 20 dB above GSM sensitivity level



(Source:R Rækken, G. Løvnes, Telektronikk)

These questions are valid for all of the following impulse responses
 * from delay, calculate reflection factor and free space attenuation
 * describe characteristics of reflection

= ⌘ Measurements in rural farmland=
 * Typical IR from Farm_2, 953MHz. Total received power was <93dBm

(Source:R Rækken, G. Løvnes, Telektronikk)

⌘Measurements in cities

 * Typical IR from City street measurements, 1950 Unik/MHz, Oslo. Output power 25 dBm ( in mW? ). Omnidirectional $$\lambda/4$$-Dipoles used as transmit and receive antennas.



(Source:R Rækken, G. Løvnes, Telektronikk)

why almost equal distribution? What effect?

⌘ETSI urban pedestrian

 * Outdoor to indoor and pedestrian test environment, based on Non LOS (NLOS)
 * Base stations with low antenna height are located outdoors, pedestrian users are located on streets and inside buildings and residences
 * TX power is 14 dBm, f = 2000 Unik/MHz and r is distance in m
 * Assumes average building penetration loss of 12 dB
 * Path loss model: $$L_{pedest}=40 \log{r} + 30 \log{f} + 49 $$ [dB]

⌘COST Walfish-Ikegami Model

 * taking into consideration propagation over roof tops
 * assumes antennas below roof top
 * Path loss model: $$L_{roof top}=45 \log{(r+20)} + 24 $$ [dB]

⌘Alternative Street Microcell Path-loss

 * Outdoor propagation, consists of "adding of paths"
 * c is angle of street crossing. c = 0.5 for 90 deg crossing
 * k_0 = 1 and d_0 = 0


 * Path loss model: $$ L_{micro}=20 \log{\frac{4\pi d_n}{\lambda}} $$ [dB]
 * illusory distance $$d_n=k_n s_{n-1}+d_{n-1} $$ with $$k_n=k_{n-1} + d_{n-1} c $$

⌘ETSI vehicular

 * larger cells (typical few km)
 * TX power 24 dBm for mobile phone, transmit antenna height $$\Delta h$$ over roof top (typical 15 m), distance r in km, f = 2000 Unik/MHz
 * Path loss model: $$L_{vehicular}=40(1-4\cdot 10^{-3}\Delta h) \log{r} - 18 \log{\Delta h} + 21 \log{f} + 80 $$ [dB]

⌘Forest, 961 MHz measurements

 * slightly hilly terrain

(Source:István Z.Kovács,Ph.D.Lecture,CPK, September6, 2002;p.27/45 )

⌘Forest, 1890 MHz measurements

 * slightly hilly terrain

(Source:István Z.Kovács,Ph.D.Lecture,CPK, September6, 2002, p.27/45)

⌘Examples
establish table (L free space, pedestrial, outdoor, ...) with typical values for 900 and 2000 MHz and distances from 100 to 3000 m