D4-Mobile Systems

=⌘ Mobile Communication Spectrum =

=⌘ The challenge of area coverage = Land area Norway, 385.178 km^2 - 7500 basestasjons http://www.mynewsdesk.com/no/telenor/pressreleases/sjekk-naar-du-faar-4g-der-du-bor-1399662


 * Tanzania 947,303 km^2 = 3 x  Norway,
 * Mali   1.240.000 km^2    = 4 x Norway
 * DRC  2.345.000 km^2   = 8 x Norway

=⌘ Throughput increase=



[Presentation G. Fettweis, IEEE VTC forum Baltimore], http://www.ieeevtc.org/plenaries/vtc2007fall/28.pdf

⌘Example of propagation
Results for UMTS (worst case), with 3 sector antenna
 * Range of unloaded cell is 700 m in urban pedestrian
 * With loaded cell, assumed increase of noise by 10 dB, max cell radius 390 m
 * vehicular with typical range of 3600 m (unloaded) and 1900 m (loaded)


 * Next: examples and simulations

⌘Oslo simulations, performed for GSM at 1800 MHz


how much does the range decrease when reducing the power by 10 dB?

(Source: Helge Dommarsnes, Telenor Mobil)

⌘Difference GSM - UMTS



 * Frequency
 * Receiver structure
 * GSM sliding window of 16 $$ \mu s$$
 * UMTS Rake receiver

Q16ratio:The ratio of the power inside to the power outside a window of duration 16 $$ \mu s$$. For each IR the window is slid to find the position with highest power inside the window.

(Source:R Rækken, G. Løvnes, Telektronikk)

⌘Results of link level simulation


Simulations to achieve minimum W-CDMA using given QoS parameter: here voice service

(Source: Eurescom P921, D2)

⌘UMTS traffic simulations


Note: voice, Low constraint delay (LCD, typical streaming) and Unconstrained data delay (UDD, typical ftp, email)

(Source:Telenor FoU report 3-99)

⌘Cell Breathing effect in UMTS


View: http://www.eurescom.de/~public-web-deliverables/P900-series/P921/D2/index.html for "live simulation" and "Cell Ranges for GSM1800 and UMTS Services"

(Source: Eurescom P921, D2)

⌘Network planning
GSM versus UMTS
 * UMTS is interference limited
 * GSM is build on frequency reuse in the cells, while UMTS has the same frequency in neighbouring cells
 * UMTS range is capacity limited
 * UMTS requires simultaneous cell planning and network dimensioning
 * handover is network based, the handset announces, network performs the handover
 * In UMTS a mobile phone can be connected to two cells at the same time, the handover is then called soft handover. Handover between sectors in of the same antenna are called softer handover

⌘Cell cover and macro-diversity areas
Outcome of Eurescom P921 system level simulations



(Source: Eurescom P921, D2)

⌘Smart antennas and MIMO measurements
= GSM = Example GSM: the upload band is from 880-915 Unik/MHz (in Europe), which is 35 Unik/MHz. With a carrier of 200 kHz we have 175 channels, which have to be divided between the various operators.

= UMTS specifications = http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/wcdma.htm

= ⌘LTE technology = LTE 450 pro's and con's from [http://450alliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Ovum-LTE450-presentation.pdf Ovum conf. publication (.pdf)]
 * Presentations and discussion on topic
 * Band 31, limited bandwidth of 2 x 10 MHz



=⌘ IMT-A (4G): WiMAX, LTE = IMT-Advanced (IMT-A) is often called the 4G standard for Mobile Communications. Both WiMAX through the 802.16e and LTE provide technologies for achieving higher data throughput.

Though LTE was originally designed to work in the

Evolution of radio spectrum, and frequency bands for LTE http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/lte-frequency-spectrum.php



[[File:LTE-TDD_band.png|500px|LTE TDD band, source: radioelectronics.com

WIMAX

 * [[Media:WIMAX.pdf]] (by Dag Ove Eggum, 2012)
 * [[File:Achieving Wireless Broadband with WiMax.pdf]]
 * [[Media:IEEE 802.16 Standards - The working group and documents.pdf]]
 * [[Media:Sleep Mode Operation - WiMax.pdf]]
 * [[Media:The WiMax IEEE 802.16e Physical Layer Model.pdf]]
 * [[Media:Wimax - Current Performance Benchmarks and Future Potensial.pdf]]

⌘Verizon Wireless reveals LTE speeds

 * from Mobile Business Briefing   7 December 2009
 * Verizon Wireless: average downlink 5-12 Mb/s and uplink 2-5 Mb/s (LTE)

⌘Unstrung.com - Wireless News, 24 Nov 2009
11:20 AM -- Four Finnish operators got some Long Term Evolution (LTE 2.6 GHz) and WiMax spectrum for just €3.8 million (US$5.6 million). (See Finland Awards 4G Spectrum.)
 * LTE FDD Elisa Corp. bid €834,700 ($1.2 million) for 50 MHz;
 * TeliaSonera AB (Nasdaq: TLSN) bid &#8364;819,200 ($1.2 million) for 50 MHz; and
 * DNA Oy bid € 675,700 ($1 million) for 40 MHz.


 * WiMax spectrum (TDD, now LTE TDD), Pirkanmaan Verkko Oy bid € 1,468,200 ($2.2 million) for 50 MHz.

Nordic: Sources: See Craig Goes to Norway, Sweden Awards 4G Spectrum, Swedish 4G, Telenor to Test Huawei LTE, and TeliaSonera: We'll Do 4G in 2010
 * Norway 229 million Norwegian Kronor ($41 million) in 2007
 * Sweden 2 billion Swedish Kronor ($304 million) in 2008.

⌘Norway: NPT license conditions
from: [Norwegian Post Telecommunication Regulator (NPT) http://www.npt.no/portal/page/portal/PG_NPT_NO_NO/PAG_NPT_NO_HOME/PAG_RESSURSER_TEKST?p_d_i=-121&p_d_c=&p_d_v=104880]


 * 2500-2690 MHz and 2010-2025 MHz. The new licenses expire 31 December 2022.
 * five sub-bands, each consisting of a number of contiguous frequency blocks.
 * six different regions.

The five sub-bands are:
 * (A) The 2010 MHz band, consisting of a single 15MHz block.
 * (B) Five unpaired blocks of 10MHz at the centre of the 2.6GHz band (2570 MHz to 2620 MHz).
 * (C) Eight paired blocks of 2x5 MHz in the 2.6 GHz band (2500-2540 MHz paired with 2620-2660 MHz).
 * (D) Three unpaired blocks of 10 MHz below sub-band B in the 2.6 GHz band (2540-2570 MHz).
 * (E) Three unpaired blocks of 10 MHz at the top end of the 2.6 GHz band (2660-2690 MHz)

Note: Unpaired is TDD operation, while paired is FDD operation

⌘ Price policy
The total amount will consist of
 * a fixed component per contiguous spectrum block
 * a variable component that will depend on the bandwidth at disposal and the population in the geographical area
 * Estimate for 2008
 * annual administrative charge of (NOK 25000 x number of contiguous blocks)
 * + (NOK 1600 x bandwidth in MHz) x (regional percentage of Norway';s population).

Q: take the Norwegian population and calculate the licence costs per region